Hamdi Ahmad Abdullah
Personal Data     Fame Name : Hamdi Abdullah Birth date : 8/10/1944 Activities : Painting Email : hamdyabdalla2015@gmail.com
Education
- Graduated from the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1969. - MA in painting from the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University 1973. - Diploma in art criticism from the Higher Institute of Art Criticism, Arts Academy, The Ministry of Culture 1975. - Ph.D. in the philosophy of art education, (taste and drawing), the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University 1978.
Membership
- Member of the Fine Artists Association. - The Art Lovers Society. - Member of Cairo Atelier Group. - Member of the Intentional Education Through Art Association (INSEA). - Member of the Association of Alumni of the Higher Institute of Art Education. - Member of the Egyptian Critics Society. - Member of the Egyptian Education through Art Association. - Member of the Union of Arab Artists. - Member of the Yemeni Committee of Monuments and History. - Member of the Yemeni Union of Writers and Authors.
Jobs
- Instructor at Painting and Drawing Department of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1969 1973. - Assistant teacher at painting and drawing section Painting and Drawing Department of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1973, 1977. - Teacher at drawing and art taste department, Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1977 - 1979. - Teacher drawing and art taste department, Faculty of Education, Public Authority for Applied Education in Kuwait, 1979 1985. - Assistant Professor, Department of Art Education, Umm al-Kura University, Saudi Arabia, 1985, 1987. - Assistant Professor, Department of Art Education, Faculty of Education Menia University, 1987, 1992. - Professor of drawing at Drawing Department of the Faculty of Art Education, Menia University, 1992. Professor of drawing at the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1992. - Administrative Positions : - Deputy Chief of the Technical Education (teachers) Faculty of Primary Education in Kuwait since 1982, 1984. - Chief of the Interior Design Section of the Faculty of Education, 1984, 1985. - Chief of Art Education Department on Level of all Egyptian Universities, Faculty of Education, Menia University, since 1987, 1992. - First Head of Art Education Department Faculty of Education, Al- Azhar University, since 1991, 2000. Deputy of the Faculty of Art Education for community service and development environment, Helwan University, 1994 - 1996. - Supervisor on the Scientific Studies and Research Center of Arts and science Museums, at Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum and the National Center for Fine Arts, the Ministry of Culture, 1996. - Deputy of the Faculty of Art Education for Student Affairs, Helwan University, since 1996 to 1997. - Head of the National Center for the Child Culture, 1997, 1998. - Head of the Association of Art Education Alumni, 1999, 2000. - Founded and served as Chief of Edition of (Research and Education magazine), the first scientific disseminate research journal at the university level in Egypt and Arab world, 2000. - Founded and served as Chief of Edition ((Al- Kenana) newspaper, the first newspaper on the level of cultural centers abroad 2000. - Dean of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, since 1997 until 30 May 2000. - Cultural advisor and the Director of the Egyptian Cultural Center (Sanaa) Yemen. Emeritus professor.
Solo shows
- Young Artists Exhibition, Ministry Culture, Al- Ghoury Palace, 1971. - Young Artists Exhibition, at the art gallery of the German Cultural Center Goethe, 1972. . - The first exhibition of Call for the Other Group, Ministry of Culture and Information, Ekhnaton art gallery, 1972. - The second exhibition of Call for the Other Group, Ministry of Culture, Sector of Fine Arts Museums, Cairo Atelier, 1972. - Third Exhibition of Call for the Other Group at Cairo Atelier, 1973. - The Egyptian Heritage Arts Exhibition (traveling), 1978. - (Human and plant), Italy, Florence, 1978. - Exhibition (human and plant) in Kuwait Bochehri Tut art gallery, 1984. - Exhibition (human and life) Kuwait Bochehri art gallery, 1986. - Exhibition (Human within the Frame, beginning and end (1), at the Round art gallery, Ministry of Culture, 1987. - Exhibition (Human within the Frame, beginning and end (2), Round art gallery of the Ministry of Culture, March, 1988. - “Symbol and Legend (1)”, at Ekhnaton art gallery, March 1990. - “Symbol and Legend (2), foreign diplomats art gallery, May 1990. - “Symbol and Legend (3) art gallery of Menia Cultural Palace, March 1991. - “Symbol and Metaphysics (1)” exhibition at the School of Fine Arts Lester Polytechnic, High Studies Center, England, March 1992. - Trial Exhibition for teaching the Egyptian art, School of Fine Arts, Lester Polytechnic, High Studies Center, February 1992. - Computer between Technology and Innovation (1), at Ekhnaton art gallery, 1992. - Computer between Technology and Innovation (21), at art gallery of Faculty of Arts in Menia 1992. - Computer between Technology and Innovation (2), at art gallery of Menia Cultural Palace, Ministry of Culture, January 1993. - Computer between Technology and Innovation at Alexandria Atelier, National Center of Fine Arts, 1993. - Computer between Technology and Innovation, at art gallery of the French Cultural Center, January 1993. - “Symbol and Metaphysics (2), Dam art gallery of the Ministry of Information, Qatar, 1994. - Computer between Technology and Innovation, at Bochehri art gallery, Kuwait, 1994. - Exhibition “visual clips from the memories of visual memory (1)”, at Ekhnaton art gallery, 1995. - Exhibition (computer Graphic) at the Ministry of Culture, Mahalla Kubra Cultural Palace, November 1995. - (Computer and Creativity), the Ministry of Culture, Tanta, December 1995. - (Human and Metaphysics), Rawaq al-Balkaa art gallery, Jordan, 1996. - Exhibition (video clips), the Ministry of Culture, Alexandria Atelier, January 1996. - Exhibition (Ritual references and transformations) (1), at Extra art gallery, 1998.
Local exhibitions
- Participated in group exhibitions since graduating in the Faculty of Art Education, 1969. - Exhibitions of the alumni of the Institute of Higher Art Education, 1970, 1977. - Print Exhibition, by inspiration of leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser, organized by the Socialist Union in cooperation with the Czechoslovak Cultural Center in Cairo 1970. - (Mother), the Ministry of Culture, General Department of Fine Arts and Museums, 1971. - Young Artists art exhibition, at the Club of Central Committee, 1971. - Young Artists exhibition, at art gallery of the German Cultural Center ‘Goethe’, 1971. - The 12th Avant, garde Exhibition, the Ministry of Culture and Information, Art Lovers Society, 1972. -The 22nd Avant, garde Exhibition, Bab el- Louk art gallery, Ministry of Culture and Information, General Department of Fine Arts. - The twenty, third annual art exhibition, Ministry of Culture, 1972. - The 11th Spring Exhibition, Ministry of Culture and Information, Alumni of the Faculty of Fine Arts, Bab el- Louk art gallery. - The 5th General Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, General Authority of Fine Arts and Museum, the Socialist Union art gallery, 1973. - Fine Art and Battle of Ramadan’, art gallery of the Central Committee of the Socialist Union, 1974. - The 25th Annual Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, Bab el- Louk art gallery, 1974. - Vanguards Exhibition at Al- Ghoury Atelier, Ministry of Culture, art gallery of the General Center of Youth Muslim Societies, 1975. - The 6th General Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, General Authority Fine Arts and Museums, Club Art gallery of the Central Committee of the Socialist Union art gallery, 1977. - Fine Arts Competition, the Supreme Council for Youth and Sports art gallery of the Egyptian Books House Nile Corniche, 1977. - The General Art Exhibition of the Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts, 1987. - The General Art Exhibition of the Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts, 1988. -The General Art Exhibition of the Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts, 1989. - The General Art Exhibition of the Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts, 1990. - Exhibition of the 5th Scientific Conference (Art and Culture in Upper Egypt), Faculty of Fine Arts, Menia University, 1993. - Exhibition of the Art Education Alumni, Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, November 1993. - Exhibition of the Fine Artists Association (Effects of the earthquake), Smiramis art gallery, 1992. - Exhibition of the National Center of Fine Arts (Effects of the earthquake), Arts Center, November 1992. - The 27th General Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, 1994. - Egyptian Surrealists Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, 1995. - Egyptian Artists Creations Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, Ismailia Folk Art Festival-1995. - Salon of Misr al-Gadida Artists, Heliopolis Club art gallery, 1995. - The 28th General Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture 1995. - The first exhibition of Egyptian Critics Association, at art gallery of Al-Ahram newspaper, 1996. - The 1st, 2nd, 3rd exhibition of Helwan University acquisitions, 1996, 1997, 1998. - The second exhibition of Egyptian Critics Association, art gallery foreign diplomats, 1996. - The third exhibition of Egyptian Critics Association, at Anfoushy Cultural Palace, the Ministry of Culture, 1996. - The fourth exhibition of Egyptian Critics Association, Ismailia Cultural Palace, Ministry of Culture, 1997. - The 5th exhibition of Egyptian Critics Association, Gharbya Cultural Palace, 1997. - The 1st Autumn Salon, the National Center of Fine Arts, Ministry of Culture, 1997. - “Selected Contemporary Works of Art”, General Administration of Fine Arts and Environmental Crafts, General Authority of Cultural Palaces, 1997. - The 25th General Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, 1997. - The 5th Salon of Mini Works of Art, 2002. - The Premiere Black and White Drawing Salon, at Gezira Arts Center, 2004. - The 7th Salon of Mini Works of Art, 2004. - The 3rd National Graphic Exhibition, 2005. - The 29th National Art Exhibition, 2005.
International exhibitions
- Exhibition of Youth Artists, Algeria, Ministry of Culture, 1971. - Exhibition of Youth Artists, Germany, 1972. - Ibitha International Exhibition, Spain 1972. - The first Arab Biennale in Iraq (Baghdad), 1974. - Egyptian Artists Exhibition in Kuwait, Kuwait National Council for Culture and Arts, 1985. - ‘54 Artists Exhibition” in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah (Plaza Wardak art gallery), 1986. -“55 artists exhibition”, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah Wardak Plaza art gallery, 1987. - Egyptian itinerant exhibition (Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria), the Ministry of Culture.1991. - Contemporary Art Exhibition, Ministry of Culture, Egyptian Academy in Rome 1991. - The Egyptian Contemporary Art Exhibition in (Tunisia), Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts, 1993. - The Egyptian Contemporary Art Exhibition in (India), Ministry of Culture, the National Center of Fine Arts. - Exhibition of the Mediterranean Forum (Croatia), Ministry of Culture, 1995. - The 6th Cairo International Biennale, Ministry of Culture, Modern Art Museum, 1996. - The Egyptian Contemporary Art Exhibition, the National Day of Pakistan. - Forum of the Mediterranean, Croatia, Dubrovnik Museum of Contemporary Art 1996. - The Egyptian Contemporary Art Exhibition in Lebanon, 1998.
Assignment
- Visiting Professor, School of Fine Arts in Lester Polytechnic, England, 1991, 1992. - Commissaire of Spontaneous Art Triennale, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1994. - Commissaire of the guests of honour at the 6th Cairo International Biennale 1996. - His art production represented Egypt in overseas exhibitions in (Germany, Spain, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Rome, Tunis, India, Croatia, and Pakistan). - Represented Egypt Pavilion (Drawing) in the 6th Cairo International Biennale 1996. - Commissaire of Egyptian Pavilion in the 7th Cairo International Biennale, 1998. - Participated in the assessment study delegation of Faculty of Education and Islamic Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, 1998. - Commissaire of the 4th Salon of Mini Works of Art, 2000. - Commissaire of the Egyptian Contemporary Art Exhibition in Algeria, 2006. - Contributes to postgraduate studies: 1- teaching curriculum of master`s and doctorates degrees in each of the University (Helwan, Menia, Tanta), faculties of specific education in Dokki and Abbasya. 2- supervised on 10 Ph.D. studies. 3- supervised on 19 MA studies. 4- Established the postgraduate study department, at the Faculty of Education, Umm al-Kura University, and Saudi Arabia, 1986. 5- Established the postgraduate study department, at the Faculty of Education, Menia University, 1987. 6- Set the postgraduate curriculums (Plan) at the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1994. - Supervised on the first study in aesthetic education, Faculty of Education, Helwan University, from 1987 to 1993. - Academic Contributes: - Introduced twenty art experiences to teach group drawing to the primary school students in Kuwait, 1979. - Staged four exhibitions of group drawing experiments for female students (scientific education during the 1997 / 80 / 81 / 82 / 83. - Staged the first exhibition of Young Artists in Mecca, Saudi Association for Culture and Arts. - Participated in the first exhibition, of Mecca Female Artists, Saudi Association for Culture and Arts. Contributions in art education curriculums: - Faculty of Primary Education for Female Teachers, 1980. - Faculty of Education, Kuwait University in 1981. - Faculty of Education, Art Education Section, Umm Al-Kura University Saudi Arabia, 1986. - Set the new study plan of the Faculty of Specific Education in Dokki, Cairo University, 1998. - Lectures on art education experiments for postgraduate students, School of Fine Arts, Lester Polytechnic, England, 1991, 1992. - Lectures on contemporary Egyptian fine art for postgraduate students of the School of Fine Arts, Lester Polytechnic England, 1991,1992. - Art experience (Collage) how to teach art for the unspecified students, Culture Pioneers, 1992. - Dissemination of research in English on the “Arabic Calligraphy and its benefits in teaching art education”, High Studies Center Publication, Lester Polytechnic School of Fine Arts, England, 1991, 1992. - Published book in English to teach Egyptian art to English school students, High Studies Center Publication, School of Fine Arts, England, 1991, 1992. - Artists Biography, Published in English language, High Studies Center Publication, School of Fine Arts, England, Lester Polytechnic, 1992. - Lecture on ‘computer between technology and innovation”, artistic workshop accompanying the 4th Cairo International Biennale, December 1992. - Lecture in the art of computer technology and print” among a series of lectures cultural parades the 5th Cairo International Biennale, 1994. - Lecture on the art of computer, Bochehri art gallery, Kuwait, 1994. - Roundtable Symposium (issues of contemporary art), Ministry of Culture Arts Academy, 1994. - Symposium around (video clips from the memories of memory), private exhibition by the artist, together with all of Prof. Dr. Taha Hussein, Prof. Dr. Mustafa al-Razzaz Prof. - Dr. Farghali Abdel-Hafiz, Prof. Dr. Ramzi Mustafa Ahmed Salim, Ministry of Culture, Arts Academy, 1995. - Lecturer title (Salvador Dali between Max Arndt Ren Magret), Ministry of Culture, Arts Academy, 1995. - Lecture (raw materials and environmental role in the artistic production), Ministry of Culture in cooperation with Environment Affairs of the Council of Ministers, 1994. - Lecturer (art and environment), Mass Cultural Administration, in cooperation with Environment Affairs of the Council of Ministers, 1995. - Symposium “ Art and Taste” the First Art Forum, Faculty of Fine Arts Menia University, April 1996. - Scientific committees : - Member of the Supreme Committee of the Faculty of Education of the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, 1983, 1985. - Member of the fine arts committee, emanating from the Comprehensive Planning Committee of the National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature, Arab League, Kuwait in 1984. - Member of the fine arts the League of Arab States to develop the vocabulary of the visual arts 1986. - Assistant Secretary, fourth Scientific Forum Fine Arts Faculty of the Menia University, 1988. - Member of the Committee on Examinations (for the National Center for technical education examinations, the Ministry of Education 1991, Member of the Faculty of Education Menia University, since 1987 until 1993. - Member of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University since 1994 until now. - Member of the Faculty of Education, Al-Azhar University from 1996 until now. - Member of the artistic expression of the Faculty of Art Education since 1993. - Member of the community service and development environment Helwan University 1994, 1996. - Member of the Board of Directors of the Egyptian plastic art critics 1995. - Member of the Board of Directors of Education through Art Egyptian 1997. - Member of the Board of Directors of publishing house Helwan University 1997. - Member of the Board of Directors of the magazine, Helwan University (Arts and Sciences studies and research 1997). - Member of the Egyptian Society for the Dissemination, Committee Egyptian Critics Association, 1997. - Member of the Supreme Council of Faculties of Specific Education, the Ministry of Higher Education, 1997. - Member of the Faculty of Specific Education in Dokki, 1998. - Member of the preparatory committees of the following scientific conferences : - Conference on Primary Education, Faculty of Art Education Helwan University, 1978. - Fourth Conference of the Faculty of Fine Arts, Menia University, 1987. - The first conference of the Faculty of Education University of Menia in 1990. - Fifth Conference of the Faculty of Fine Arts, Menia University, 1992. - Second Conference of the Faculty of Education, Menia University, 1993. - Sixth Conference of the Faculty Fine Arts of the Menia University, 1994. - Fifth Conference of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1994. - Training Forum Second Arab exchange student training universities Arab Helwan University 1995. - Sixth Conference of the Faculty of Art Education Helwan University 1996. - Environment, the first conference (the Arab League`s role in the dissemination of culture in the face of environmental pollution) Helwan University 1997. - Participated in the preparation of a draft of a secondary school with a Visual. - Dr. Mahmoud Bassiouni, Prof. Dr. Kamal Sarraj Prof. Dr.Hussein Al Jabali, Prof. Dr. Nabil Husseini, A. Mohamed fine artists union. - Participated in the preparation of a draft of a glossary of triple term arts language (Committee Secretary) 1995, 1996. - In addition : I) Overseeing the many messages of the masters of many scholars in different colleges such as the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University Faculty of Education, University of Menia, Faculty of Education, Al- Azhar University, Faculty of Education, Abbassiya Faculty of Specific Education in Dokki. 2) Overseeing the many letters to many doctoral students at various colleges such as the Faculty of Education Faculty of Education Menia University, technical Helwan University Faculty of Education Quality. 3) participated in many committees and discussion arbitration messages Masters and Ph.D. 4) Member arbitration committees arts. 5) Member of the arbitration committees of competitions of child illustrations. 6) Jointly with the scientific supervision of Prof. Dr. John Boull, University of Paris (1) Panthon Sorbonne, Letter entitled Doctor (methods, symbols and formative stages of the creative imagery inherent in the Egyptian) scholar / teacher Mohammed Abdel Nur Assistant, Department of Art Education, Faculty of Education, Menia University, 1996. 7) Participated in many training courses and many forums in which scientific research. Student activity: 1- Member of the Union of Students of the Faculty of Art Education, (Assistant Secretary of the Artistic Committee), 1968. 2 - Member of the Union of Faculty of Art Education, (Assistant Secretary of the Technical Committee 1969). 3- Represented the faculty in excellent students’ camp, 1968, 1969. 4- Secretary Editor (Address Institute), 1967 / 68 / 1969. 5- founded and headed the Avant-garde group, 1977, 1978. 6 -Founded the group of artist Mustafa Al-Arnaoty, ranked first position of Helwan University in 1979. 7- General leader of the Art Committee, Menia University, 87 –1992. 8 - leading general of the Federation of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, 1996,1997,1998. 9- Man of the year of the Art Committee of Helwan University 1996 / 1997 97 / 1998. 10- General supervisor of fine arts in Al-Azhar University, 1996 / 1997.
Publications and activities
Books : 1-Contemporary concept of drawing education, 1985. 2-Principles of art (Composition), 1980. 3- On Margin of Fine Arts Criticism, (in press), 1988. 4- (Pioneers) a memorial book, on the occasion of honoring pioneers of art education, 1987. 5- “Art Education between past and future”, first edition, 1994. 6- “Art Education between past and future”, additional edition, 1997. Published research : Participated in twenty-four scientific conferences (locally and globally). 1- evaluating study of drawing and painting curriculum contents to develop art education teacher at the primary schools. 2- Art and education and their role in highlighting the sentiments of the national seniors and juniors (recitation). 3- Arabic Calligraphy as theme of artistic expression in primary (recitation). 4- the role the Mass Cultural Administration in protecting folklore and handicrafts (recitation). 5- The role of fine artist between creativity and learning (recitation). 6- Read in the Saudi fine arts movement – mandating and overrun. 7- Usage of programmed technical education to teach art education students some experience of painting (recitation). 8- Contemporary concept of artistic culture and its impact on setting foundations of art development taste for the young (recitation). 9- art and culture in Egypt between planning and random (recitation). 10- fine arts between elements of the environment and westernization. 11- Computer between technology and plastic creation (recitation). 12- Computer and individuality in fine art (recitation (. 13 - Problem of terminology in the inherent art (recitation). 14- Environment in the work of spontaneous artists (recitation). 15- Crisis of artist and critic in facing of the recipient (recitation). 16- Developing child’s sense of aesthetic (recitation). 17 -Sculpture in silence (Study on the production of the artist). 18- ‘Installation’ in Cairo International Biennale (rooted concept). 19- New primitive in facing the industrial stereotypes (recitation). 20- Leading role of the Faculty of Art Education in the area of technical innovation and education (recitation). 21- Art computer printing (recitation).
Local recognition
-1967- Award for artistic production (Painting-printing – drawing ), exhibition of excellent students Alexandria , The Ministry of Higher Education. -1968 -Award for artistic production (printing drawing -etching) outdoors studios of the Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Youth. -Gold medals for press illustrations (internal illustrations), the Ministry of Higher Education. -1969 certificate of merit and a gold medal (human rights exhibition) and the Ministry of Higher Education) gold medal for press illustrations. (Internal illustrations), the Ministry of Higher Education. -1970- Gold medal for press illustrations (magazine cover), the Ministry of Higher Education. -1972 -acquisition award of the Ministry of Education (Museum of Assiut). -1975- Award for graphic, (silkscreen printing) Exhibition of Egypt and Sudan Integration, the Ministry of Youth, municipal building art gallery. 1977, 1979 - Certificates of appreciation of the Ministry of Youth. -1978 -Certificate of appreciation, Helwan University early obtaining doctorate. -1986 -Acquisition award of the Ministry of Culture (Museum of Modern Art) in Cairo. 1987- Certificate of appreciation, Menia University Faculty of the Arts. 1988- certificate of appreciation and a medal, Center of Pioneers, Mass Cultural Administration, the Ministry of Culture. 1990-Acquisition award of the Ministry of Culture (Museum of Modern Art). 1992- National document of the Ministry of Culture National Center of Fine Arts. 1992- Certificate of appreciation plus medal, the Fourth Cairo International Biennale, workshop on the technical terminology, the Ministry of Culture National Center of Fine Arts. 1992- certificate of appreciation (national document) of the Ministry of Culture, National Center of Fine Arts, (Earthquake Exhibition). 1994 - Certificate of appreciation to the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University. 1995 - Medal and a certificate of appreciation, the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Alexandria. 1996 – Oscar ‘Ekhnaton’ Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Menia. 1996- Certificate of Honor Faculty of Fine Arts University of Menia. 1997 - Medal and a certificate of appreciation, the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University, honoring top graduates. The second festival the Alumni Day. 1997 - Award from Helwan University Department of Discretionary for holders of international awards. 1998 - Medal of the 3rd National Forum of Fine Arts, Supreme Council of Culture and the Ministry of Culture.
International recognition
An assessment of the Saudi Association for Culture and Arts Saudi Arabia, 1978. Certificate of Appreciation from the Chamber of National Art Slovakia, 1994. Medal and certificate of appreciation International Symposium VI Cairo International Biennale 1996. Jury Award (medal and a certificate of appreciation) the 6th Cairo International Biennale, 1996. Certificate of appreciation from the embassy of India, the cultural advisor, 1997. Medal and certificate of appreciation International Symposium (Print Triennale II, 1997) of the Ministry of Culture. Jury Award, the19th Alexandria International Biennale, and 1997.